Hardware Token Market

Hardware Token Market Size

According to Reports Insights Consulting Pvt Ltd, The Hardware Token Market is projected to grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.7% between 2025 and 2033. The market is estimated at USD 785.4 million in 2025 and is projected to reach USD 1.54 billion by the end of the forecast period in 2033.

Key Hardware Token Market Trends & Insights

Analysis of common user questions regarding the Hardware Token market reveals a strong interest in the evolution of authentication methods, the integration of new technologies, and the overall security landscape. Users frequently inquire about the shift from traditional one-time password (OTP) tokens to more advanced solutions, the impact of FIDO standards, and the increasing convergence of hardware tokens with biometric authentication. There is also a notable focus on how these devices are adapting to cloud-centric environments and the growing demands of IoT security, indicating a market moving towards more sophisticated, versatile, and user-friendly security solutions while maintaining a high level of assurance against sophisticated cyber threats. The market is witnessing a redefinition of hardware tokens, moving beyond simple authentication to encompass identity management and secure transaction capabilities.

• Increased adoption of multi-factor authentication (MFA) across enterprises.
• Rising demand for FIDO (Fast IDentity Online) compliant hardware tokens for enhanced interoperability.
• Growing integration of biometric capabilities with hardware tokens for stronger authentication.
• Expansion of cloud-based authentication services leveraging hardware tokens.
• Emphasis on hardware tokens for securing Internet of Things (IoT) devices and industrial control systems.
• Continued evolution towards form factors such as USB keys and smart cards.

AI Impact Analysis on Hardware Token

User inquiries concerning the influence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the Hardware Token market primarily revolve around AI's capacity to enhance security, predict vulnerabilities, and potentially streamline or even supersede traditional hardware-based authentication. Users are keen to understand how AI can augment the protective capabilities of hardware tokens by identifying anomalous login patterns, preventing fraud through real-time threat intelligence, and making authentication processes more adaptive. While some express concerns about AI potentially rendering hardware tokens obsolete through purely software-driven intelligent authentication, the prevailing sentiment suggests AI is seen as a powerful tool for improving the efficacy, resilience, and user experience of hardware token systems. This integration aims to create a more dynamic and proactive defense mechanism against the increasingly sophisticated cyber threats.

• AI-driven anomaly detection to identify and prevent unauthorized access attempts, complementing hardware token security.
• Enhanced predictive analytics for identifying potential vulnerabilities in hardware token usage patterns or system configurations.
• Intelligent authentication flows that adapt based on user behavior and environmental factors, reducing reliance on manual token interaction.
• Leveraging AI for real-time threat intelligence feeds to update hardware token security protocols and revoke compromised credentials instantly.
• Streamlining provisioning and management of hardware tokens through AI-powered automation, reducing operational overhead.
• Potential for AI to optimize token lifespan and performance by analyzing usage data and predicting maintenance needs.

Key Takeaways Hardware Token Market Size & Forecast

Analysis of user questions regarding the Hardware Token market size and forecast highlights a significant interest in understanding the underlying growth drivers, the longevity of hardware solutions in an increasingly software-centric security landscape, and the critical factors influencing market expansion. Users frequently inquire about the sustained relevance of physical tokens amidst advancements in biometric and behavioral authentication, as well as the impact of evolving compliance mandates. The key insights indicate a robust and stable growth trajectory for hardware tokens, propelled by an escalating need for strong, immutable identity verification in both corporate and consumer sectors. This growth is further reinforced by global regulatory push for enhanced data security and the persistent sophistication of cyber threats, positioning hardware tokens as foundational elements of a resilient cybersecurity framework.

• The Hardware Token market is poised for steady growth, driven by an unyielding demand for strong authentication.
• Increasing regulatory pressures and compliance mandates globally are mandating the use of secure identity verification methods.
• Sophistication of cyberattacks necessitates physical, tamper-resistant security mechanisms that hardware tokens provide.
• The market will witness continued innovation in form factors and integration with advanced authentication technologies like biometrics.
• Hardware tokens remain a critical component in hybrid security architectures, balancing convenience with high assurance.

Hardware Token Market Drivers Analysis

The global surge in cybercrime and the increasing sophistication of phishing, ransomware, and identity theft attacks are primary drivers for the Hardware Token market. Organizations across all sectors are recognizing the inadequacy of single-factor authentication in protecting sensitive data and critical infrastructure. Hardware tokens offer a robust, tamper-resistant solution that significantly reduces the risk of credential compromise, providing a physical layer of security that software-only solutions cannot replicate. This heightened threat landscape compels businesses and governmental bodies to invest in more secure authentication methods.

Furthermore, stringent regulatory frameworks and compliance mandates across various industries are compelling the widespread adoption of hardware tokens. Regulations such as GDPR, HIPAA, PSD2, and various industry-specific security standards (e.g., PCI DSS) increasingly require strong authentication for accessing sensitive information or conducting financial transactions. Hardware tokens are often the preferred solution to meet these compliance requirements due to their high assurance level and demonstrable security posture. This regulatory push creates a mandatory demand, driving consistent market expansion.

The proliferation of multi-factor authentication (MFA) as a baseline security measure for both enterprise and consumer applications is also a significant catalyst. As cloud adoption and remote work models become ubiquitous, the traditional perimeter-based security model has dissolved, making identity the new perimeter. Hardware tokens, by providing a unique, unphishable second factor, are becoming indispensable for securing access to cloud services, corporate networks, and personal online accounts. The ease of integration with existing infrastructure and the enhanced user experience offered by modern hardware tokens further accelerate their adoption within the broader MFA ecosystem.

Drivers	(~) Impact on CAGR % Forecast	Regional/Country Relevance	Impact Time Period
Increasing Cybercrime and Data Breaches	+2.1%	Global, particularly North America, Europe	Short to Mid-term (2025-2029)
Stringent Regulatory Compliance and Data Protection Laws	+1.8%	Europe (GDPR), North America (HIPAA, SOX), Asia Pacific (PDPA)	Mid to Long-term (2027-2033)
Rising Adoption of Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)	+2.0%	Global, particularly IT & Telecom, BFSI	Short to Mid-term (2025-2030)
Growth of IoT and Need for Device Authentication	+1.5%	Global, particularly Manufacturing, Healthcare	Mid to Long-term (2028-2033)
Demand for Stronger Authentication in Remote Work Environment	+1.3%	Global	Short to Mid-term (2025-2028)

Hardware Token Market Restraints Analysis

One significant restraint on the Hardware Token market is the perception of high initial cost and ongoing management expenses compared to software-based authentication alternatives. While hardware tokens offer superior security, the upfront investment in purchasing devices, along with the logistical challenges of distribution, enrollment, and replacement, can be substantial for large organizations. Smaller businesses, in particular, may find these costs prohibitive, opting instead for less secure but more budget-friendly software token applications or SMS-based authentication, which presents a barrier to broader market penetration despite the clear security advantages of hardware solutions.

User inconvenience and the potential for loss or damage to physical tokens also act as notable restraints. Carrying an additional physical device can be cumbersome for end-users, and the risk of misplacing or damaging the token can lead to access interruptions and increased support overhead for IT departments. While modern hardware tokens are becoming smaller and more durable, and some integrate with smartphones (e.g., Bluetooth tokens), the inherent need for a physical item can still be a deterrent for users accustomed to entirely digital and integrated solutions, impacting user adoption rates in certain segments.

The increasing sophistication and proliferation of software-based and biometric authentication methods present a competitive challenge to hardware tokens. Advances in behavioral biometrics, facial recognition, fingerprint scanning, and push notification-based authentication offer convenient and often cost-effective alternatives that, for some use cases, provide a sufficient level of security without the need for a separate physical device. While hardware tokens generally offer a higher level of assurance, the market faces pressure from these agile, software-defined solutions that can be rapidly deployed and managed, potentially cannibalizing certain segments where convenience is prioritized over absolute security.

Restraints	(~) Impact on CAGR % Forecast	Regional/Country Relevance	Impact Time Period
High Initial Cost and Management Overhead	-1.6%	Global, particularly SMEs	Mid-term (2026-2030)
Perceived User Inconvenience and Risk of Loss	-1.2%	Global, across all user demographics	Short to Mid-term (2025-2029)
Availability of Software-Based Authentication Alternatives	-1.4%	Global, particularly Consumer applications	Long-term (2028-2033)
Supply Chain Disruptions and Component Shortages	-0.8%	Global, particularly manufacturing hubs in Asia	Short-term (2025-2027)
Limited Interoperability with Legacy Systems	-0.7%	Mature markets with extensive legacy infrastructure	Mid to Long-term (2027-2033)

Hardware Token Market Opportunities Analysis

The expanding adoption of FIDO (Fast IDentity Online) standards represents a significant growth opportunity for the Hardware Token market. FIDO-compliant hardware tokens offer a path toward strong, phishing-resistant authentication that is also highly interoperable across various platforms and applications. As more online services and enterprises embrace FIDO for passwordless or multi-factor authentication, the demand for hardware tokens that support these open standards is expected to surge. This shift addresses a critical industry need for robust security without sacrificing user convenience, opening new avenues for market penetration in both enterprise and consumer segments globally.

The increasing integration of biometrics with hardware tokens presents another compelling opportunity. Combining the inherent security of a physical token with the uniqueness of biometric identifiers (e.g., fingerprint, facial recognition) creates an exceptionally strong and user-friendly authentication method. This convergence addresses the trade-off between security and convenience, offering a seamless user experience while maintaining a high assurance level. As biometric technology becomes more affordable and reliable, its pairing with hardware tokens for secure access to critical systems, payments, and data will drive innovation and adoption, particularly in high-security environments and sensitive applications.

Emerging markets in Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Africa are experiencing rapid digital transformation, accompanied by an escalating need for secure digital identity and transaction verification. These regions often lack extensive legacy IT infrastructure, allowing for faster adoption of modern security solutions like hardware tokens. The growing penetration of internet services, mobile banking, and e-commerce in these areas creates a fertile ground for market expansion. Furthermore, the increasing awareness of cyber risks and the implementation of nascent cybersecurity regulations in these regions will fuel demand for reliable hardware-based authentication, positioning them as key growth territories for the coming years.

Opportunities	(~) Impact on CAGR % Forecast	Regional/Country Relevance	Impact Time Period
Expanding Adoption of FIDO Standards	+1.9%	Global, particularly North America, Europe	Short to Mid-term (2025-2030)
Integration with Biometric Authentication	+1.7%	Global, across all industry verticals	Mid to Long-term (2027-2033)
Growth in Emerging Economies and Digital Transformation	+1.5%	Asia Pacific, Latin America, Africa	Mid to Long-term (2028-2033)
Increased Demand in Critical Infrastructure Protection	+1.1%	Global, particularly Energy, Utilities, Government	Mid-term (2026-2031)
Development of Quantum-Resistant Hardware Tokens	+0.9%	Global, particularly highly sensitive sectors	Long-term (2030-2033)

Hardware Token Market Challenges Impact Analysis

One of the primary challenges for the Hardware Token market is the persistent threat of sophisticated phishing and social engineering attacks. While hardware tokens are designed to be phishing-resistant by requiring user interaction with a physical device, cunning attackers can still trick users into authorizing malicious transactions or revealing secondary credentials. Educating users about these evolving threats and ensuring that security protocols surrounding token usage are robust remains a significant hurdle. The human element often represents the weakest link in the security chain, irrespective of the strength of the hardware itself, requiring continuous vigilance and training.

Interoperability and scalability issues pose another set of significant challenges for widespread adoption of hardware tokens. Organizations often operate with diverse IT environments, incorporating a multitude of applications, operating systems, and legacy systems. Ensuring seamless integration of hardware tokens across this disparate infrastructure can be complex and resource-intensive. Furthermore, as organizations scale, the management of thousands or even millions of physical tokens, including provisioning, distribution, loss, and replacement, introduces considerable logistical and administrative overhead, which can detract from their perceived benefits despite enhanced security.

The rapid evolution of the cybersecurity threat landscape continually pushes hardware token manufacturers to innovate and adapt. Attackers are constantly devising new methods to bypass security controls, including sophisticated malware targeting endpoints, supply chain attacks, and advanced persistent threats (APTs). Keeping hardware token designs and associated security protocols ahead of these evolving threats requires substantial investment in research and development, continuous firmware updates, and adherence to emerging security standards. This constant race against cybercriminals demands agility and foresight from market players to maintain the relevance and effectiveness of their solutions.

Challenges	(~) Impact on CAGR % Forecast	Regional/Country Relevance	Impact Time Period
Evolving Threat Landscape and Sophisticated Attacks	-1.5%	Global, across all industries	Short to Mid-term (2025-2030)
User Education and Adoption Barriers	-1.0%	Global, particularly less tech-savvy demographics	Mid-term (2026-2031)
Integration Complexities and Scalability for Large Deployments	-1.3%	Global, particularly large enterprises	Mid to Long-term (2027-2033)
Competition from Biometric and Passwordless Solutions	-1.1%	Global, particularly consumer and mobile-first sectors	Short to Long-term (2025-2033)
Supply Chain Security Vulnerabilities	-0.9%	Global, high-security industries	Short to Mid-term (2025-2029)

Hardware Token Market - Updated Report Scope

This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the Hardware Token market, offering a detailed understanding of its current size, historical trends, and future growth projections. It covers critical market dynamics including drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges, alongside a thorough segmentation by product type, application, and end-user industry. The report also highlights regional market performance and profiles key industry players, offering valuable insights for stakeholders.

Report Attributes	Report Details
Base Year	2024
Historical Year	2019 to 2023
Forecast Year	2025 - 2033
Market Size in 2025	USD 785.4 million
Market Forecast in 2033	USD 1.54 billion
Growth Rate	8.7% CAGR
Number of Pages	245
Key Trends	FIDO standard adoption Biometric integration Cloud authentication IoT security emphasis Multi-factor authentication growth
Segments Covered	By Type: USB Tokens Smart Card-based Tokens OTP Tokens Bluetooth Tokens Biometric Tokens Others (e.g., NFC Tokens) By Application: Access Control Payment & Transaction Security Data Protection & Encryption Online Identity Verification Digital Signatures By End-User Industry: BFSI (Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance) Government & Public Sector IT & Telecom Healthcare Retail & E-commerce Manufacturing Education Others
Key Companies Covered	Thales Group, HID Global, Yubico, Entrust Corporation, OneSpan, Gemalto (Thales), RSA Security LLC, FEITIAN Technologies, Vasco Data Security International (OneSpan), G&D Mobile Security, Watchdata Technologies, IDEMIA, DeepNet Security, AuthenTec (Apple), SecureMetric Technology
Regions Covered	North America, Europe, Asia Pacific (APAC), Latin America, Middle East, and Africa (MEA)
Speak to Analyst	Avail customised purchase options to meet your exact research needs. Request For Analyst Or Customization

Segmentation Analysis

The Hardware Token market is segmented across various dimensions, including product type, application, and end-user industry, each playing a critical role in shaping market dynamics and growth trajectories. The "By Type" segmentation illustrates the technological evolution of these devices, from traditional One-Time Password (OTP) tokens to more advanced USB-based, Smart Card-based, Bluetooth, and increasingly, Biometric tokens. This diversification reflects the market's response to varying security needs, user preferences, and integration requirements, with newer biometric and FIDO-compliant tokens gaining traction due to their enhanced security and user convenience. Each type caters to specific use cases, from basic authentication to secure physical access and digital signatures.

The "By Application" segmentation highlights the diverse scenarios where hardware tokens provide critical security. These applications range from fundamental Access Control, ensuring only authorized individuals gain entry to systems or facilities, to more complex Payment & Transaction Security, safeguarding financial operations. Additionally, hardware tokens are vital for Data Protection & Encryption, protecting sensitive information at rest and in transit, and enabling secure Online Identity Verification for digital services. The utility of hardware tokens extends to Digital Signatures, providing legal non-repudiation for electronic documents, underscoring their broad applicability across a multitude of secure operations.

The "By End-User Industry" segment reveals the key verticals driving demand for hardware tokens. The BFSI sector consistently leads in adoption due to stringent regulatory requirements and the high value of assets under management, necessitating robust authentication for banking, finance, and insurance operations. Government and Public Sector entities also heavily rely on hardware tokens for securing classified information and citizen services. The IT & Telecom industry, with its extensive digital infrastructure, utilizes these tokens for securing network access and data centers. Healthcare, Retail & E-commerce, Manufacturing, and Education sectors are also progressively integrating hardware tokens to protect patient data, secure online transactions, safeguard intellectual property, and ensure secure access to academic resources, reflecting a universal need for enhanced digital trust.

• By Type: USB Tokens, Smart Card-based Tokens, OTP Tokens, Bluetooth Tokens, Biometric Tokens, Others (e.g., NFC Tokens)
• By Application: Access Control, Payment & Transaction Security, Data Protection & Encryption, Online Identity Verification, Digital Signatures
• By End-User Industry: BFSI (Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance), Government & Public Sector, IT & Telecom, Healthcare, Retail & E-commerce, Manufacturing, Education, Others

Regional Highlights

North America is projected to maintain a dominant position in the Hardware Token market, driven by a high concentration of technology companies, stringent cybersecurity regulations, and a pervasive awareness of digital security threats. The region benefits from early adoption of advanced authentication technologies and significant investments in enterprise security infrastructure across key sectors such as BFSI, IT & Telecom, and government. The presence of major market players and a robust regulatory environment that mandates strong authentication for data protection further solidify its leading market share, particularly for advanced FIDO and biometric-integrated tokens.

Europe is expected to witness substantial growth, largely influenced by the widespread implementation of regulations such as GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) and PSD2 (Revised Payment Services Directive), which necessitate enhanced data security and strong customer authentication. Countries like Germany, the UK, and France are at the forefront of adopting hardware tokens to comply with these directives and to combat sophisticated cyberattacks. The region's focus on digital sovereignty and secure digital identities continues to drive demand across its diverse industrial landscape.

The Asia Pacific (APAC) region is anticipated to exhibit the fastest growth rate, fueled by rapid digital transformation initiatives, increasing internet penetration, and a burgeoning e-commerce sector. Countries like China, India, Japan, and South Korea are making significant investments in cybersecurity infrastructure. The rising awareness of data breaches, coupled with supportive government initiatives for digital security, is propelling the adoption of hardware tokens in BFSI, IT, and government sectors. The region's large population base and developing economies present immense untapped potential for market expansion.

Latin America and the Middle East & Africa (MEA) regions are emerging markets for hardware tokens, experiencing gradual but consistent growth. In Latin America, increasing digital banking adoption and government-led e-governance initiatives are driving demand for secure authentication solutions. In MEA, growing cybersecurity awareness, coupled with increasing foreign investments and the development of digital economies, particularly in the GCC countries, are fostering an environment conducive to the adoption of hardware tokens for identity and access management.

• North America: Leading market due to high cybersecurity awareness, stringent regulations, and significant IT infrastructure investments.
• Europe: Strong growth driven by GDPR, PSD2 compliance, and a focus on digital identity protection.
• Asia Pacific (APAC): Fastest-growing region, fueled by rapid digitalization, increasing internet penetration, and rising cyber threat awareness in emerging economies like China and India.
• Latin America: Growing adoption in the BFSI sector and e-governance initiatives.
• Middle East & Africa (MEA): Emerging market with increasing cybersecurity investments and digital transformation efforts.

Top Key Players

The market research report includes a detailed profile of leading stakeholders in the Hardware Token Market.

• Thales Group
• HID Global
• Yubico
• Entrust Corporation
• OneSpan
• Gemalto (Thales)
• RSA Security LLC
• FEITIAN Technologies
• Vasco Data Security International (OneSpan)
• G&D Mobile Security
• Watchdata Technologies
• IDEMIA
• DeepNet Security
• AuthenTec (Apple)
• SecureMetric Technology

Frequently Asked Questions

Analyze common user questions about the Hardware Token market and generate a concise list of summarized FAQs reflecting key topics and concerns.

What is a Hardware Token and how does it work?

A hardware token is a physical device used to authenticate a user's identity by generating a unique code or performing a cryptographic operation. It typically works as a second factor in multi-factor authentication (MFA). When a user attempts to access a system or application, they first provide their primary credential (e.g., password), and then the hardware token provides a dynamic, time-sensitive code (like a One-Time Password, OTP) or requires a physical action (like a touch on a USB security key) to verify their identity. This process ensures that even if a password is compromised, access remains secure without possession of the physical token. Modern tokens often incorporate advanced cryptographic processors to protect private keys, making them highly resistant to phishing and man-in-the-middle attacks, thereby providing a robust layer of security beyond traditional software-only solutions. Their inherent tamper-resistance and lack of susceptibility to malware distinguish them as a superior form of authentication for critical applications and sensitive data. The secure generation of credentials offline ensures that a network breach does not compromise the token itself.

What are the key benefits of using Hardware Tokens for security?

Hardware tokens offer several significant security benefits. Firstly, they provide a strong, unphishable second factor for authentication, making it extremely difficult for attackers to gain unauthorized access even if they obtain a user's password. Unlike software tokens or SMS OTPs, hardware tokens are immune to malware, SIM-swapping, and phishing attacks because they are physical, isolated devices. Secondly, they enhance compliance with stringent regulatory mandates such as GDPR, HIPAA, and PSD2, which often require robust authentication mechanisms for data protection. Thirdly, they improve overall security posture by reducing reliance on vulnerable password-only authentication, thereby minimizing the risk of data breaches and identity theft. Finally, modern hardware tokens, especially FIDO-compliant ones, offer improved user experience by enabling passwordless login or simplifying the MFA process, balancing high security with usability. Their physical nature provides a verifiable proof of possession, making them ideal for high-assurance environments and protecting critical infrastructure.

How do Hardware Tokens compare to software-based authentication methods?

Hardware tokens generally offer a higher level of security assurance compared to software-based authentication methods like mobile apps (authenticator apps), SMS OTPs, or push notifications. Software tokens, while convenient, are susceptible to attacks targeting the device they run on (e.g., smartphone malware) or the communication channel (e.g., SMS interception, phishing attacks tricking users into approving push notifications). Hardware tokens, being physical, isolated devices, are inherently more resistant to such remote attacks. They typically store cryptographic keys in secure elements, making them tamper-resistant and impossible to duplicate remotely. While software solutions offer greater flexibility and lower deployment costs, hardware tokens provide superior protection against sophisticated threats like phishing and credential stuffing. The choice between them often depends on the specific security requirements, risk tolerance, and budget of an organization, with hardware tokens being preferred for high-value assets and sensitive data where the highest level of assurance is paramount. Furthermore, hardware tokens ensure that the cryptographic operations are performed in a secure, isolated environment, preventing key exposure even if the host computer is compromised.

What are the different types of Hardware Tokens available in the market?

The Hardware Token market offers diverse types, each catering to specific security needs and user preferences. One-Time Password (OTP) tokens generate a unique, time-sensitive code for each login, widely used in banking and enterprise environments. USB Tokens, particularly those supporting FIDO standards (like U2F/FIDO2 keys), are becoming increasingly popular for their ease of use, plug-and-play functionality, and strong phishing resistance. Smart Card-based tokens offer multi-application functionality, often integrating with Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) for digital signatures, encryption, and secure login. Bluetooth Tokens provide wireless authentication, enabling seamless interaction with mobile devices and computers. Biometric Tokens embed fingerprint sensors or other biometric readers directly onto the device, combining a physical token with unique biological identifiers for enhanced security and convenience. Newer form factors include NFC tokens and those integrated into wearables, reflecting an ongoing evolution towards more integrated and user-friendly authentication solutions. Each type has distinct advantages in terms of deployment, cost, security level, and user experience, allowing organizations to select the most appropriate solution for their specific use cases.

What is the future outlook for the Hardware Token market?

The future outlook for the Hardware Token market is positive and characterized by steady growth, driven by the increasing need for robust cybersecurity measures. While software-based and passwordless solutions are gaining traction, hardware tokens are expected to remain critical, especially in high-security environments, critical infrastructure, and for applications requiring the highest level of assurance. Future innovations will likely focus on enhanced integration with biometric technologies, further development of FIDO2-compliant solutions for widespread passwordless adoption, and more convenient form factors (e.g., smaller, more durable, or integrated into other devices). The market will also see an emphasis on quantum-resistant cryptographic capabilities within hardware tokens to prepare for future threats. As cyber threats become more sophisticated and regulatory pressures intensify, hardware tokens will continue to play an indispensable role in securing digital identities and transactions, adapting to evolving authentication paradigms and hybrid IT environments. Their enduring value lies in providing a physically secure root of trust that is difficult to compromise remotely, ensuring their continued relevance in the long-term security landscape.